Classical approaches to construction safety have traditionally relied on personal protective equipment (PPE), physical barriers, and rigorous training and supervision. According to 2021 data from the European Commission, the construction sector recorded the highest incidence of non-fatal occupational accidents in the EU, with 3,152 ones per 100,000 workers.

Furthermore, it had the second-highest number of fatal accidents (741, representing 22% of the total recorded), surpassed only by the mining industry. Clearly, a more innovative approach is required to enhance safety protocols effectively.

The transformation of construction sites into connected environments represents the next revolution in what is termed ‘Construction 4.0’. This shift includes the adoption of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data, augmented reality, and digital twins. These tools not only enhance safety through predictive analytics and simulations but also include on-site devices designed to mitigate risks through real-time analysis.

The Internet Of Things on Construction Sites

Wearable devices equipped with IoT technology provide a range of functions that revolutionize safety and efficiency on construction sites. These devices not only monitor workers’ health and productivity but also leverage machine learning for enhanced operational insights.

For instance, construction companies can employ these wearables to monitor the real-time locations of both personnel and machinery. Integrated with RFID tagging systems, the devices can identify hazardous situations, such as workers entering unauthorized areas or coming too close to heavy machinery.

The Power of Wearables in the Connected Workplace

The practical safety applications of various wearable technologies are proving effective across numerous worksites.

For example, smart vests are being used to continuously monitor the health of workers. These vests are equipped with sensors that measure heart rate, ambient temperature, and GPS location, and they have the capability to detect falls and toxic gas exposure. They also monitor vital signs such as fatigue levels, which are crucial for managing worker well-being.

Data from these vests is transmitted to a server where an AI-based application analyzes the information. If it identifies any health risks or safety breaches, it alerts the project manager. The smart vest, developed by the Canadian company Labourcrown, includes additional features such as a speaker for relaying messages from the site manager—warnings, instructions, or updates. It also features a button to activate an alarm or confirm task completion, a battery, and an LED indicator for critical alerts.

From Preventing Microsleeps to Supporting Mental Health

Digital watches and bracelets are increasingly used on construction sites to monitor physical exertion and rest periods. The most sophisticated models are capable of detecting abnormal heart rhythms and measuring blood oxygen levels to identify respiratory issues early.

These devices are also beginning to be utilized for mental health purposes. For example, Moodbeam tracks indicators of workers’ emotional well-being, enabling managers to monitor the mental health states of their teams.

Additionally, smart helmets and boots are equipped with sensors and GPS to monitor workers’ movements around the site. Helmets are designed to detect signs of fatigue and prevent dangerous microsleeps. Those with collision detection sensors can warn both the wearers and nearby equipment operators of potential accidents, enhancing onsite safety.

Smart gloves feature integrated scanner technology, allowing workers to identify the correct tools for specific tasks. If an incorrect tool is chosen, the glove vibrates to alert the wearer. These gloves can also scan materials and products on site, streamlining operations and increasing efficiency.

The Advantages of Image Recognition

In the realm of Construction 4.0, beyond wearable technology, advanced IoT applications like image recognition are transforming safety and efficiency on construction sites. High-resolution cameras, enhanced with artificial intelligence, perform continuous surveillance to spot potential safety violations—such as unsecured scaffolding or workers not wearing mandatory protective gear—, enabling swift corrective measures.

Moreover, the integration of technology extends beyond just monitoring personnel and ground vehicles. Drones, outfitted with 4K cameras and infrared sensors, play a pivotal role. They not only identify hazards in otherwise inaccessible areas but also oversee construction progress and detect equipment malfunctions in real-time.

These drones are invaluable throughout all construction phases, capable of performing immediate inspections and gathering detailed technical data. Utilizing photogrammetry, drones measure distances using point clouds to create contour lines, thereby generating models that guide necessary land modifications for achieving precise site leveling.

Challenges on the Ground

A construction site is a dynamic environment filled with unique challenges that can complicate the deployment and operation of IoT or plug-and-play technologies. Factors such as environmental stress, frequent equipment movement, limited energy resources, and poor internet connectivity can pose significant obstacles.

Moreover, the installation and ongoing maintenance of these systems necessitate dedicated specialists in information technology to ensure seamless functionality. With the growing demand for IT professionals across all sectors, sourcing skilled personnel becomes increasingly challenging. Additionally, integrating these technologies often impacts existing security protocols, necessitating the development of new frameworks and comprehensive training programs.

Looking ahead, it is imperative for construction firms to enhance their capabilities in assessing and integrating Construction 4.0 technologies, including predictive analytics and real-time IoT devices. This may involve setting up new multidisciplinary teams dedicated to network applications development, customizing systems to suit specific project conditions, and providing robust customer support.