In the grand pursuit of human achievement, mistakes are inevitable — and often great teachers. From the wobbly first steps of a toddler to accidents that lead to the most important discoveries, missteps pave the way for progress.

Just like the rest of us, architects and engineers also blunder. Nevertheless, in many cases, these oversights can linger around for a longer time, sometimes for centuries. A poorly planned and executed construction project can even result in collapses and human tragedy.

“The physician can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his client to plant vines,” said the legendary US architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

From ambitious projects with unforeseen consequences to seemingly minor flaws with disastrous results, the following five architectural “epic fails” hold valuable lessons. By examining the mishaps of the past, architects and engineers can learn to avoid similar pitfalls and push the boundaries of design with a more informed perspective.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa — Pisa, Italy

This iconic landmark in Italy may be instantly recognizable, but its tilt was entirely unintentional. Poor foundation planning on unstable soil led to the tower’s gradual lean, which began during construction in the 12th century and continues to this day.

While corrective measures have been implemented to prevent further tilting, the Leaning Tower serves as a reminder of the importance of a solid foundation, both literally and figuratively.

However, fans of medieval architecture can rest assured: It is unlikely that this majestic and beloved tower will fall in the foreseeable future.

The Millennium Dome — London, UK

Hailed as a beacon for the new millennium, the Millennium Dome in London quickly became a symbol of something else entirely: Grandiose miscalculations. Soaring construction costs, delays, and a roof ill-suited for the British climate plagued the project from the start.

Critics derided it as a “white elephant“, a monument to wasted resources. The Millennium Dome serves as a warning shot for any large-scale architectural endeavor, highlighting the crucial need for meticulous planning, realistic budgeting, and the ability to adapt to unforeseen challenges.

The Tacoma Narrow Bridge — Washington, USA

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, a marvel designed to link Tacoma, Washington to the Kitsap Peninsula, enjoyed a tragically short lifespan. Opened in July 1940, it held the title of world’s third-longest suspension bridge for just four months. A fatal flaw – skimping on support structures to save costs – led to its dramatic collapse that November.

The bridge earned the nickname “Galloping Gertie” for its terrifying sway in strong winds, a sensation felt by both construction workers and the public. This disaster underscores the importance of prioritizing structural integrity over cost-cutting, especially for projects battling the elements.

China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters — Beijing, China

The CCTV Headquarters, nicknamed “The Big Trousers” for its unusual shape, is a colossal skyscraper complex in Beijing and it’s one of the most controversial buildings in modern architecture.

Designed to symbolize innovation and progress, the building has been plagued with problems since its construction. The unique facade is made up of a complex network of panels that requires constant cleaning and maintenance, adding a significant ongoing cost.

Additionally, the building’s sheer size and unconventional shape create significant wind tunnels, making the surrounding area unpleasant for pedestrians. The CCTV Headquarters serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of balancing aesthetics with practicality and considering the impact a building will have on the surrounding urban environment.

Brooklyn Bridge Park — New York City, USA

Not all architectural mistakes are monumental failures. In 2010, New York City Brooklyn Bridge Park’s shiny new playground equipment made headlines for the wrong reason. The metal domes, designed to be a fun climbing structure for children, turned out to be a recipe for burns under the hot summer sun. A toddler suffered injuries after the equipment became scorching hot, prompting park officials to remove the domes altogether. The New York Post reported that the metal domes were “hot enough to fry an order of eggs on”.

While the removal disappointed some parents who enjoyed the unique play experience, it serves as a reminder that even seemingly innocuous design choices can have unintended consequences, especially when considering the interaction between materials and the environment.

Lessons Learned: Turning Mistakes into Stepping Stones

While some of these five architectural “epic fails” may evoke amusement, others serve as stark reminders of the importance of meticulous planning, adaptability, and a deep understanding of how structures interact with their environment.

By learning from these mistakes, architects and engineers can continue to push the boundaries of design while ensuring the functionality and success of their creations.